Accumulation of lead, cadmium, manganese, copper and zinc by sludge worms; Tubifex tubifex in sewage sludge

Tubifex tubifex has been shown to survive in organic polluted environments, however, not much has been done on its inorganic pollution tolerance. Samples of T. tubifex and their respective sewage sludge were taken from Soche wastewater treatment plant in Blantyre City, Malawi during July 2007 to November 2008. The total number of sludge samples taken was fifty one which was made into seventeen composite samples. A total of seventeen T. Tubifex samples were also collected. The samples were analyzed for copper, lead, manganese, zinc and cadmium using standard methods from American Public Health Association and Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The concentrations of metals in sewage sludge and T tubifex were on dry weight basis and the metals determined were acid extractable. In general, heavy metals concentration was lower in T. tubifex than in sewage sludge. The range of heavy metals concentrations were [in sludge and [T tubifex]: zinc 275.3-361.5 mg/kg [45.0-82.2 mg/kg], manganese 293.7-230.1 mg/kg [1.21 -3.69 mg/kg], copper 86.5 - 120.1 mg/kg [1.6-4.7 mg/kg], lead 11.2-22.4 mg/kg [Below detection limit 0.95] and cadmium 1.12 - 2.31 mg/kg [1.08 - 2.18 mg/kg]. The results showed significant differences between the concentrations of manganese, copper, lead and zinc in sewage sludge and T. tubifex [p < 0.05]. However there was no significant difference between the concentrations of cadmium in sewage sludge and T. tubifex [p >0.05]. T. tubifex did not show the ability to accumulate heavy metals [attributed to its high defecation and metabolic rate] except for cadmium hence cannot be used as a bioindicator for heavy metal pollution in sludge

Levels of cadmium, manganese and lead in water and algae: spirogyra aequinoctialis

This study assessed the ability of filamentous green algae; Spirogyra aequinoctialis to accumulate manganese, cadmium and lead from water. Water pH was also determined. Samples of S. aequinoctialis and their respective water environments were taken from designated sampling points in the city of Blantyre and Malawi during the rainy and dry season in order to capture seasonal variations. The concentration of metals in S. aequinoctialis were higher than in the corresponding water environment in both seasons, but lower in the rainy season than the dry season. In the rainy season the concentrations were [in S. aequinoctialis and [water]]: Mn 0.432- 5.641 mg/L [ND- 0.530 mg/L], Cd ND- 0.016 mg/L [0.07- 0.111 mg/L] and Pb ND- 0.965 mg/L [0.011- 0.098 mg/L]. In the dry season the concentrations were: Mn 0.281- 16.132 mg/L [0.035- 0.626 mg/L], Cd 0.22- 0.912 mg/L [0.014- 0.111 mg/L] and Pb ND- 0.972 mg/L [ND- 0.23 mg/L]. This study has shown that S. aequinoctialis has the capability of accumulating manganese, cadmium and lead. Therefore it can be used as a biological indicator for long term heavy metal water pollution monitoring